Filter Friends, LLC

1. What is the research behind Chlorine in water ?

Chlorine is a widely used disinfectant in water treatment processes to safeguard public health by eliminating harmful bacteria and pathogens. However, it is important to recognize that while chlorine is effective in reducing waterborne diseases, it can have some harmful effects on both human health and the environment. This page provides an overview of some of the detrimental impacts of chlorine in water, drawing on peer-reviewed research to support these concerns.

1. Formation of Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs): One of the most significant issues associated with chlorine in water treatment is the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). When chlorine reacts with naturally occurring organic and inorganic matter in water, it produces DBPs, such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). According to numerous studies, long-term exposure to these DBPs has been linked to various health issues, including an increased risk of cancer, reproductive problems, and developmental effects. A study published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives in 2019 concluded that the presence of DBPs in drinking water is a concern for public health.
2. Respiratory Effects: Chlorine exposure through inhalation can lead to respiratory issues. A study published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives in 2009 found that swimming in chlorinated pools, where chlorine can off-gas and combine with organic compounds, may increase the risk of respiratory problems, particularly in children and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
3. Skin and Eye Irritation: Chlorinated water can cause skin and eye irritation, especially in swimming pools and during bathing. Research published in the International Journal of Epidemiology in 2017 demonstrated a connection between exposure to chlorine and an increased risk of skin and eye irritation in swimmers.
4. Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems: The release of chlorinated water into natural water bodies can harm aquatic ecosystems. A study published in the journal Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry in 2016 revealed that chlorine residuals from wastewater treatment facilities can disrupt the balance of aquatic ecosystems, affecting the health of fish and other aquatic organisms.
5. Antibiotic Resistance: Recent research has suggested that the presence of chlorine in water may contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. A study published in the journal Nature Microbiology in 2020 found that chlorination in wastewater treatment plants may select for antibiotic-resistant genes in the microbiota of the treated water.

It is important to acknowledge that while chlorine disinfection is crucial for providing safe drinking water, these harmful effects must be addressed. Alternative water treatment methods, such as advanced oxidation processes and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection, are being explored to mitigate the production of DBPs and reduce the negative impacts of chlorine. Additionally, the use of chlorine alternatives and the careful monitoring of chlorine levels in swimming pools and drinking water can help reduce its adverse effects on human health and the environment. Public health authorities and water treatment facilities are continuously working to strike a balance between effective disinfection and minimizing the harmful consequences of chlorine in water.

2. How fast is Chlorine absorbed skin ?

Chlorine Absorption into Skin: Chlorine is a common disinfectant used in swimming pools and tap water to kill bacteria and pathogens. While chlorine is essential for water sanitation, it can have adverse effects when it comes into contact with the skin.

Penetration Rate: Research published in the “International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health” in 2016 (source: PubMed) indicates that chlorine can be absorbed by the skin relatively quickly, especially in the context of swimming in chlorinated pools. The study measured the absorption of chlorinated water by swimmers and found that chlorine penetrated the skin at varying rates depending on factors such as water temperature, swim duration, and skin condition. The study confirmed that the skin does absorb chlorine during swimming activities.

Depth of Penetration: A study in the “Journal of Dermatological Science” in 2013 (source: ScienceDirect) investigated the depth of chlorine penetration into the skin. The research revealed that chlorine can penetrate beyond the surface layer of the skin, potentially affecting the deeper layers. The depth of penetration can vary depending on factors such as exposure time and concentration of chlorine.

Permeability of Skin: The permeability of the skin, or its ability to allow substances to pass through, also plays a role in how quickly chlorine is absorbed. Research in the “Journal of Applied Toxicology” in 2006 (source: Wiley Online Library) explored the permeability of skin to various chemicals, including chlorine. It highlighted that the skin’s permeability is influenced by factors like temperature, humidity, and the condition of the skin barrier.

3. Where are your components manufactured ?

Our shower filter housings and cartridges are manufactured in the USA.

Our drinking water filter cartridges are manufactured in the USA.

Our HVAC filter cartridges are typically manufactured in the USA.